Poetry Magazine

Sylvia Plath

USA

SYLVIA PLATH
1932-1963
by Andrena Zawinski

Sylvia Plath, a poet's whose life story may have for some become more her legacy than the poems themselves, has been both revered and criticized as a poet and a person with equal gusto.  Plath was a prolific writer; besides the poetry for which she became so well known, she created fiction, kept copious notebooks, recorded faithfully in journals, and composed countless letters. While her entrance onto the poetry scene burst with early recognition and bravada, it simultaneously suffered the critical dismissal of her
body of work as "confessional."  Likewise, her Nazi references were spurned as insensitive and superficial. Her private course through this, coupled with a failing marriage, may have routed her along a rocky course to the end that was a tragedy of tragedies.

Boston born Plath saw scholarship at Smith with election to Phi Beta Kappa, but then there came the documentation of her emotional breakdown during her junior year in college in  The Bell Jar. The novel,  first published under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas, documents the effect of the repressive and sometimes crippling effect of the 1950s era on a young woman with something to say about her life. (The posthumous publication of Letters Home in 1975 by her mother provides further insight into the sources of Plath's ingenuity and woe, closely paralleling The Bell Jar.) Earlier years for Plath before that, at least to casual observation,  seemed to evolve as any childhood  might, even unremarkably. According to her mother, Sylvia was in good health and spirit and enjoyed much attention. 

The elegy "Daddy" that Plath wrote for her father Otto, who died in 1940 afflicted by lung cancer and diabetes, marks the only groundswell noted from Plath's childhood years, one that may have left an indelible mark on her ("I'll never speak to God again!" she was noted to have said):

DADDY

                

                 Daddy

                 You do not do, you do not do

                 Any more, black shoe

                 In which I have lived like a foot

                 For thirty years, poor and white,

                 Barely daring to breathe or Achoo.

                 Daddy, I have had to kill you.

                 You died before I had time---

                 Marble-heavy, a bag full of God,

                 Ghastly statue with one gray toe

                 Big as a Frisco seal

                 And a head in the freakish Atlantic

                 Where it pours bean green over blue

                 In the waters off the beautiful Nauset.

                 I used to pray to recover you.

                 Ach, du.

                 In the German tongue, in the Polish town

                 Scraped flat by the roller

                 Of wars, wars, wars.

                 But the name of the town is common.

                 My Polack friend

                 Says there are a dozen or two.

                 So I never could tell where you

                 Put your foot, your root,

                 I never could talk to you.

                 The tongue stuck in my jaw.

                 It stuck in a barb wire snare.

                 Ich, ich, ich, ich,

                 I could hardly speak.

                 I thought every German was you.

                 And the language obscene

                 An engine, an engine,

                 Chuffing me off like a Jew.

                 A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen.

                 I began to talk like a Jew.

                 I think I may well be a Jew.

                 The snows of the Tyrol, the clear beer of Vienna

                 Are not very pure or true.

                 With my gypsy ancestress and my weird luck

                 And my Taroc pack and my Taroc pack

                 I may be a bit of a Jew.

                 I have always been sacred of you,

                 With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo.

                 And your neat mustache

                 And your Aryan eye, bright blue.

                 Panzer-man, panzer-man, O You----

                 Not God but a swastika

                 So black no sky could squeak through.

                 Every woman adores a Fascist,

                 The boot in the face, the brute

                 Brute heart of a brute like you.

                 You stand at the blackboard, daddy,

                 In the picture I have of you,

                 A cleft in your chin instead of your foot

                 But no less a devil for that, no not

                 Any less the black man who

                 Bit my pretty red heart in two.

                 I was ten when they buried you.

                 At twenty I tried to die

                 And get back, back, back to you.

                 I thought even the bones would do.

                 But they pulled me out of the sack,

                 And they stuck me together with glue.

                 And then I knew what to do.

                 I made a model of you,

                 A man in black with a Meinkampf look

                 And a love of the rack and the screw.

                 And I said I do, I do.

                 So daddy, I'm finally through.

                 The black telephone's off at the root,

                 The voices just can't worm through.

                 If I've killed one man, I've killed two---

                 The vampire who said he was you

                 And drank my blood for a year,

                 Seven years, if you want to know.

                 Daddy, you can lie back now.

                 There's a stake in your fat black heart

                 And the villagers never liked you.

                 They are dancing and stamping on you.

                 They always knew it was you.

                 Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through.

 

Plath went on to receive a Fulbright at Cambridge, married Ted Hughes, had a daughter Frieda then son Nicholas in 1960 and 1962. Plath was overwhelmed by teaching, moved to London, and took her own life in 1963 after other suicide attempts. Plath wrote "By Candlelight" (from Ariel, her second collection of poetry) just before she moved from Dorset to London when her husband, the English poet laureate, left her (and their infant child and toddler) for another woman. In that frigid London winter, she taped  the doors of the kitchen shut, stuck her head in the gas oven and was gone.  In this poem the poet addresses a baby she wishes to put to sleep: 

BY CANDLELIGHT

      This is winter, this is night, small love 

      A sort of black horsehair,

      A rough, dumb country stuff

      Steeled with the sheen

      Of what green stars can make it to our gate.

      I hold you on my arm.

      It is very late.

      The dull bells tongue the hour.

      The mirror floats us at one candle power.

      This is the fluid in which we meet each other,

      This haloey radiance that seems to breathe

      And lets our shadows wither

      Only to blow

      Them huge again, violent giants on the wall.

      One match scratch makes you real.

      At first the candle will not bloom at all ‹

      It snuffs its bud

      To almost nothing, to a dull blue dud.

      I hold my breath until you creak to life,

      Balled hedgehog,

      Small and cross. The yellow knife

      Grows tall. You clutch your bars.

      My singing makes you roar.

      I rock you like a boat

      Across the Indian carpet, the cold floor,

      While the brass man

      Kneels, back bent, as best he can

      Hefting his white pillar with the light

      That keeps the sky at bay,

      The sack of black! It is everywhere, tight, tight!

      He is yours, the little brassy Atlas ‹

      Poor heirloom, all you have,

      At his heels a pile of five brass cannonballs,

      No child, no wife.

      Five balls! Five bright brass balls!

      To juggle with, my love, when the sky falls.

"Tulips," a poem written from the hospital after Plath's miscarriage, does not express the usual gratitude a gift merits. Instead it ischaracterized as quite the intrusion during her recovery -- thetulips are "lead sinkers"  around her neck that  are "excitable," that  "eat oxygen."  This poem, like Plath's experience of a life that to some might have then appeared on the surface a charmed one, digs in and tells another bit of the truth as she knew it:

TULIPS

     The tulips are too excitable, it is winter here.

     Look how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in.

     I am learning peacefulness, lying by myself quietly

     As the light lies on these white walls, this bed, these hands.

     I am nobody; I have nothing to do with explosions.

     I have given my name and my day-clothes up to the nurses

     And my history to the anesthetist and my body to surgeons.

     They have propped my head between the pillow and the sheet-cuff

     Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut.

     Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in.

     The nurses pass and pass, they are no trouble,

     They pass the way gulls pass inland in their white caps,

     Doing things with their hands, one just the same as another,

     So it is impossible to tell how many there are.

     My body is a pebble to them, they tend it as water

     Tends to the pebbles it must run over, smoothing them gently.

     They bring me numbness in their bright needles, they bring me sleep

     Now I have lost myself I am sick of baggage

     My patent leather overnight case like a black pillbox,

     My husband and child smiling out of the family photo;

     Their smiles catch onto my skin, little smiling hooks.

     I have let things slip, a thirty-year~old cargo boat

     Stubbornly hanging on to my name and address.

     They have swabbed me clear of my loving associations.

     Scared and bare on the green plastic-pillowed trolley

     I watched my teaset, my bureaus of linen, my books

     Sink out of sight, and the water went over my head.

     I am a nun now, I have never been so pure.

     I didn't want any flowers, I only wanted

     To lie with my hands turned up and be utterly empty.

     How free it is, you have no idea how free -

     The peacefulness is so big it dazes you,

     And it asks nothing, a name tag, a few trinkets.

     It is what the dead close on, finally; I imagine them

     Shutting their mouths on it, like a Communion tablet.

     The tulips are too red in the first place, they hurt me.

     Even through the gift paper I could hear them breathe

     Lightly, through their white swaddlings, like an awful baby.

     Their redness talks to my wound, it corresponds.

     They are subtle: they seem to float, though they weigh me down

     Upsetting me with their sudden tongues and their color,

     A dozen red lead sinkers round my neck.

     Nobody watched me before, now I am watched.

     The tulips turn to me, and the window behind me

     Where once a day the light slowly widens and slowly thins,

     And I see myself, flat, ridiculous, a cut-paper shadow

     Between the eye of the sun and the eyes of the tulips,

     And I have no face, I have wanted to efface myself

     The vivid tulips eat my oxygen.

     Before they came the air was calm enough,

     Coming and going, breath by breath, without any fuss.

     Then the tulips filled it up like a loud noise.

     Now the air snags and eddies round them the way a river

     Snags and eddies round a sunken rust-red engine.

     They concentrate my attention, that was happy

     Playing and resting without committing itself.

     The walls, also, seem to be warming themselves.

     The tulips should be behind bars like dangerous animals;

     They are opening like the mouth of some great African cat,

     And I am aware of my heart: it opens and closes

     Its bowl of red blooms out of sheer love of me.

     The water I taste is warm and salt, like the sea,

     And comes from a country far away as health.

The Colossus (1960) was her first book of poetry. In it a highly crafted confessional style emerged; and like her poetry published after her suicide, it revealed an increasing self-absorption and obsession with death.

THE COLOSSUS

I shall never get you put together entirely,

Pieced, glued, and properly jointed.

Mule-bray, pig-grunt and bawdy cacles

Proceed from your great lips.

It's worse than a barnyard.

Perhaps you consider yourself an oracle,

Mouthpiece of the dead, or of some god or other.

Thirty years now I have labored

To dredge the silt from your throat.

I am none the wiser.

Scaling little ladders with gluepots and pails of lysol

I crawl like an ant in mourning

Over the weedy acres of your brow

To mend the immense skull plates and clear

The bald, white tumili of your eyes.

A blue sky out of the Oresteia

Arches above us. O father, all by yourself

You are pithy and historical as the Roman Forum.

I open my lunch on a hill of black cypress.

Your fluted bones and acanthine hair are littered

In their old anarchy to the horizon-line.

It would take more than a lightning-stroke

To create such a ruin.

Nights, I squat in the cornucopia

Of your left ear, out of the wind,

Counting the red stars and those of plum-color.

The sun rises under the pillar of your tongue.

my hours are married to shadow.

No longer do I listen for the scrape of a keel

On the blank stones of the landing.

In all Plath's suicide attempts, she preferred crawling out of sight. She long complained about her weariness, about never getting enough sleep. Perhaps then she sounds a warning and takes her leave in this signature piece, "Lady Lazarus":

LADY LAZARUS

I have done it again.

One year in every ten

I manage it--

A sort of walking miracle, my skin

Bright as a Nazi lampshade,

My right foot

A paperweight,

My face a featureless, fine

Jew linen.

Peel off the napkin

O my enemy,

Do I terrify?--

The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth?

The sour breath

Will vanish in a day.

Soon, soon the flesh

The grave cave ate will be

At home on me

And I a smiling woman.

I am only thirty.

And like the cat I have nine times to die.

This is Number Three.

What a trash

To annihilate each decade.

What a million filaments.

The peanut-crunching crowd

Shoves in to see

Them unwrap me hand and foot--

The big strip tease.

Gentlemen, ladies,

These are my hands,

My knees.

I may be skin and bone,

Nevertheless, I am the same, identical woman.

The first time it happened I was ten.

It was an accident.

The second time I meant

To last it our and not come back at all.

I rocked shut

As a seashell.

They had to call and call

And pick the worms off me like sticky pearls.

Dying

Is an art, like everything else.

I do it exceptionally well.

I do it so it feels like hell.

I do it so it feels real.

I guess you could say I've a call.

It's easy enough to do it in a cell.

It's easy enough to do it and stay put.

It's the theatrical

Comeback in broad day

To the same place, the same face, the same brute

Amused shout:

"A miracle!"

That knocks me out.

There is a charge

For the eyeing of my scars, there is a charge

For the hearing of my heart--

It really goes.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

For these poems and further reading on Sylvia Plath, see:

http://www.hebdenbridge.co.uk/plath/index.html

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

srv/style/books/features/19980315.htm

http://www.hebdenbridge.co.uk/plath/tulips.html

http://gurlpages.com/ariel_doll/velvet.html

http://gurlpages.com/ariel_doll/velvet.html

http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/plath4

3-des-.html

a highly recommended link:
http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/1100/plath/
--

For a complete list of Plath publications see:

http://www.hebdenbridge.co.uk/plath/books.htmlsrv/style/books/features/19

980315.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/27864/data/plath/spworks.html

All Rights Reserved.